go-firewall/nft_linux.go

package firewall

import (
	"context"
	"encoding/json"
	"fmt"
	"net"
	"strconv"
	"strings"
	"sync"
)

const (
	// NFTType is the manager type string reported by this backend.
	NFTType = "nftables"
	// NFTDefaultTable is the table name used when no rule prefix is supplied.
	NFTDefaultTable = "go_firewall"
)

// NFT manages firewall rules through the nftables `nft` command. To avoid
// clobbering rules owned by other tooling, every rule this backend creates lives
// in a private `inet` table (named after the rule prefix) with its own input and
// output base chains. Reads and writes are scoped to that table.
type NFT struct {
	// table is the nftables table this backend owns.
	table string
	// mu guards the ensured/natEnsured flags so concurrent callers do not race on
	// the one-time table/chain setup.
	mu sync.Mutex
	// ensured records whether the private table/chains have been created this
	// session so we only run the setup commands once.
	ensured bool
	// natEnsured records the same for the nat base chains, which are created
	// lazily only when a NAT rule is first written.
	natEnsured bool
}

// sanitizeNFTName reduces an arbitrary prefix to a valid nftables identifier
// (letters, digits and underscores), falling back to the default when nothing
// usable remains.
func sanitizeNFTName(prefix string) string {
	var b strings.Builder
	for _, r := range prefix {
		switch {
		case r >= 'a' && r <= 'z', r >= 'A' && r <= 'Z', r >= '0' && r <= '9', r == '_':
			b.WriteRune(r)
		case r == '-' || r == ' ' || r == '.':
			b.WriteRune('_')
		}
	}
	name := strings.Trim(b.String(), "_")
	if name == "" {
		return NFTDefaultTable
	}
	return name
}

// NewNFT constructs an nftables-backed Manager, deriving the private table name
// from rulePrefix and verifying the nft command and nf_tables support are usable.
func NewNFT(ctx context.Context, rulePrefix string) (*NFT, error) {
	nft := &NFT{table: sanitizeNFTName(rulePrefix)}

	// Confirm the nft command is available and the ruleset can be listed. This
	// requires the nf_tables kernel support to be present.
	if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "--version"); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("nft command is not available: %s", err)
	}
	if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "list", "ruleset"); err != nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("unable to list nftables ruleset: %s", err)
	}

	return nft, nil
}

// Type returns the manager type.
func (f *NFT) Type() string {
	return NFTType
}

// Capabilities returns the set of features this backend can express.
func (f *NFT) Capabilities() Capabilities {
	return Capabilities{
		Output:         true,
		Forward:        true,
		ICMPv6:         true,
		PortList:       true,
		ConnState:      true,
		InterfaceMatch: true,
		Logging:        true,
		RateLimit:      true,
		ConnLimit:      true,
		NAT:            true,
		RuleOrdering:   true,
		DefaultPolicy:  true,
		RuleCounters:   true,
		AddressSets:    true,
		Comments:       true,
	}
}

// GetZone reports no zone; nftables has no interface-to-zone mapping in the model we expose.
func (f *NFT) GetZone(ctx context.Context, iface string) (zoneName string, err error) {
	return "", nil
}

// collapseSetSpaces removes the spaces nft inserts inside an anonymous set
// literal when it lists a rule (`{ 80, 443 }`), so strings.Fields treats the set
// as a single token (`{80,443}`) — the compact form MarshalRule emits and the set
// parsers expect. Spaces inside a double-quoted string (a rule comment) are left
// untouched so a comment with spaces still round-trips. nft's quoting has no
// backslash-escape mechanism — a `"` unconditionally toggles the quoted state —
// so no escape tracking is needed here.
func (f *NFT) collapseSetSpaces(line string) string {
	var b strings.Builder
	depth := 0
	inQuote := false
	for _, r := range line {
		switch {
		case r == '"':
			inQuote = !inQuote
		case inQuote:
			// Preserve everything verbatim inside a quoted comment.
		case r == '{':
			depth++
		case r == '}':
			if depth > 0 {
				depth--
			}
		}
		if !inQuote && depth > 0 && (r == ' ' || r == '\t') {
			continue
		}
		b.WriteRune(r)
	}
	return b.String()
}

// directionForChain returns the rule direction a filter base-chain name maps
// to (the inverse of chainForDirection).
func (f *NFT) directionForChain(chain string) Direction {
	switch chain {
	case "output":
		return DirOutput
	case "forward":
		return DirForward
	}
	return DirInput
}

// unquote reverses the quoting MarshalRule applies to a string value (a log
// prefix or comment): a double-quoted token has its surrounding quotes stripped
// literally, not decoded with strconv.Unquote — nft has no backslash-escape
// mechanism, so a Go-style unquote would wrongly reinterpret a literal backslash
// sequence in the value (e.g. "C:\new") as an escape and corrupt it. A token that
// is not a double-quoted string (single-quoted, or bare/older nft) falls back to
// trimQuotes.
func (f *NFT) unquote(s string) string {
	s = strings.TrimSpace(s)
	if len(s) >= 2 && s[0] == '"' && s[len(s)-1] == '"' {
		return s[1 : len(s)-1]
	}
	return trimQuotes(s)
}

// joinQuoted reassembles a double-quoted value that strings.Fields split on
// its internal whitespace. Given the index of the token that begins the value,
// it returns the unquoted value and the index of the final token consumed. When
// the token at start is not a quoted string it returns that single token
// unquoted. It mirrors the reassembly the comment parser does, so a spaced value
// (a log prefix like "FW DROP: ") round-trips instead of truncating at the space.
func (f *NFT) joinQuoted(tokens []string, start int) (string, int) {
	if start >= len(tokens) {
		return "", start
	}
	if !strings.HasPrefix(tokens[start], "\"") {
		return f.unquote(tokens[start]), start
	}
	var parts []string
	j := start
	for ; j < len(tokens); j++ {
		parts = append(parts, tokens[j])
		joined := strings.Join(parts, " ")
		// nft's quoting has no escape mechanism, so the first closing quote
		// terminates the value.
		if len(joined) >= 2 && strings.HasSuffix(joined, "\"") {
			break
		}
	}
	if j >= len(tokens) {
		j = len(tokens) - 1
	}
	return f.unquote(strings.Join(parts, " ")), j
}

// parsePorts converts a list of nftables port members (e.g. "80",
// "1000-2000") into PortRange values.
func (f *NFT) parsePorts(members []string) ([]PortRange, error) {
	var specs []PortRange
	for _, m := range members {
		pr, err := ParsePortRange(m)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		specs = append(specs, pr)
	}
	return specs, nil
}

// parseRate parses an nftables rate operand starting at tokens[i] (a
// "<n>/<unit>" token) plus an optional "burst <m> packets" suffix. It returns
// the RateLimit and the index of the last token consumed.
func (f *NFT) parseRate(tokens []string, i int) (*RateLimit, int, error) {
	if i >= len(tokens) {
		return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("missing rate value")
	}
	rate, unit, err := parseRateToken(tokens[i])
	if err != nil {
		return nil, 0, err
	}
	rl := &RateLimit{Rate: rate, Unit: unit}
	if i+2 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "burst" {
		b, berr := strconv.ParseUint(tokens[i+2], 10, 32)
		if berr != nil {
			return nil, 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid burst %q", tokens[i+2])
		}
		rl.Burst = uint(b)
		i += 2
		// Skip a trailing "packets" keyword.
		if i+1 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "packets" {
			i++
		}
		// nftables applies a default burst of 5 packets to every limit statement
		// and prints it back on `nft list` even when none was requested. A rule
		// marshaled with Burst 0 (the documented "backend default") would otherwise
		// read back as Burst 5 and fail rule-identity comparison, so treat nft's
		// default as unset. An explicit Burst of 5 is indistinguishable from the
		// default and equivalent to it.
		if rl.Burst == 5 {
			rl.Burst = 0
		}
	}
	return rl, i, nil
}

// parseSetTokens strips optional `{ }` braces and splits the comma-separated
// members of an nftables anonymous set (or a single bare value).
func (f *NFT) parseSetTokens(tok string) []string {
	tok = strings.TrimSpace(tok)
	tok = strings.TrimPrefix(tok, "{")
	tok = strings.TrimSuffix(tok, "}")
	var out []string
	for _, m := range strings.Split(tok, ",") {
		m = strings.TrimSpace(m)
		if m != "" {
			out = append(out, m)
		}
	}
	return out
}

// protoFromToken decodes a layer-4 protocol token as it appears in `nft list`
// output. nft always normalizes `meta l4proto` back to its protocol name when
// listing, so this backend never needs to decode one — but the numeric IP
// protocol number is accepted too as defensive tolerance for output this backend
// has not itself observed. It returns ProtocolAny for an unrecognized token.
func (f *NFT) protoFromToken(tok string) Protocol {
	if p := GetProtocol(tok); p != ProtocolAny {
		return p
	}
	switch tok {
	case "1":
		return ICMP
	case "58":
		return ICMPv6
	case "6":
		return TCP
	case "17":
		return UDP
	case "132":
		return SCTP
	case "47":
		return GRE
	case "50":
		return ESP
	case "51":
		return AH
	}
	return ProtocolAny
}

// stripSetRef drops the '@' nft prints before a named-set reference, yielding
// the bare set name the Rule model stores in Source/Destination.
func (f *NFT) stripSetRef(v string) string {
	return strings.TrimPrefix(v, "@")
}

// UnmarshalRule decodes a single rule line from `nft list` output within the
// given chain. It returns the parsed rule and the nftables handle (used to
// delete the rule), or an error for lines it does not understand.
func (f *NFT) UnmarshalRule(line string, chain string) (r *Rule, handle string, err error) {
	r = &Rule{Direction: f.directionForChain(chain)}

	tokens := strings.Fields(f.collapseSetSpaces(line))
	for i := 0; i < len(tokens); i++ {
		switch tokens[i] {
		case "ip", "ip6":
			fam := IPv4
			if tokens[i] == "ip6" {
				fam = IPv6
			}
			r.Family = fam
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
			}
			dir := tokens[i]

			// Consume an optional negation operator.
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
			}
			neg := ""
			if tokens[i] == "!=" {
				neg = "!"
				i++
				if i >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
				}
			} else if tokens[i] != "==" {
				// Fall through: current token is the value.
			} else {
				i++
				if i >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
				}
			}

			switch dir {
			case "saddr":
				r.Source = neg + f.stripSetRef(tokens[i])
			case "daddr":
				r.Destination = neg + f.stripSetRef(tokens[i])
			default:
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported address direction: %s", dir)
			}
		case "iifname", "oifname":
			dir := tokens[i]
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete interface match")
			}
			iface := trimQuotes(tokens[i])
			if dir == "iifname" {
				r.InInterface = iface
			} else {
				r.OutInterface = iface
			}
		case "ct":
			if i+1 >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported ct match")
			}
			switch tokens[i+1] {
			case "state":
				// ct state <value>
				if i+2 >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported ct match")
				}
				i += 2
				state, serr := ParseConnState(f.parseSetTokens(tokens[i])...)
				if serr != nil {
					return nil, "", serr
				}
				r.State = state
			case "count":
				// ct count over N
				if i+3 >= len(tokens) || tokens[i+2] != "over" {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported ct count match")
				}
				n, cerr := strconv.ParseUint(tokens[i+3], 10, 32)
				if cerr != nil {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid ct count %q", tokens[i+3])
				}
				r.ConnLimit = &ConnLimit{Count: uint(n)}
				i += 3
			default:
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported ct match")
			}
		case "limit":
			// limit rate N/unit [burst M packets]
			if i+2 >= len(tokens) || tokens[i+1] != "rate" {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported limit statement")
			}
			rl, next, lerr := f.parseRate(tokens, i+2)
			if lerr != nil {
				return nil, "", lerr
			}
			r.RateLimit = rl
			i = next
		case "log":
			r.Log = true
			// Optional `prefix "..."` and `level <lvl>` qualifiers follow.
			for i+1 < len(tokens) {
				if tokens[i+1] == "prefix" && i+2 < len(tokens) {
					// The prefix is a quoted string that strings.Fields may have
					// split on its internal spaces; reassemble it fully.
					r.LogPrefix, i = f.joinQuoted(tokens, i+2)
				} else if tokens[i+1] == "level" && i+2 < len(tokens) {
					i += 2
				} else {
					break
				}
			}
		case "icmp", "icmpv6", "icmp6":
			// icmp type N / icmpv6 type N
			if tokens[i] == "icmp" {
				r.Proto = ICMP
			} else {
				r.Proto = ICMPv6
			}
			if i+1 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "type" {
				i += 2
				if i >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete icmp type match")
				}
				n, ok := parseICMPTypeFamily(tokens[i], r.Proto == ICMPv6)
				if !ok {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("invalid icmp type %q", tokens[i])
				}
				r.ICMPType = Ptr(n)
			}
		case "tcp", "udp", "sctp":
			r.Proto = GetProtocol(tokens[i])
			// A `dport` or `sport` qualifier may follow.
			if i+2 < len(tokens) && (tokens[i+1] == "dport" || tokens[i+1] == "sport") {
				src := tokens[i+1] == "sport"
				i += 2
				if i >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete port match")
				}
				members := f.parseSetTokens(tokens[i])
				if len(members) == 0 {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete port match")
				}
				specs, perr := f.parsePorts(members)
				if perr != nil {
					return nil, "", perr
				}
				// Keep the single-port form in Port for a lone discrete port so
				// it round-trips against rules built that way.
				if src {
					if len(specs) == 1 && specs[0].Start == specs[0].End {
						r.SourcePort = specs[0].Start
					} else {
						r.SourcePorts = specs
					}
				} else {
					if len(specs) == 1 && specs[0].Start == specs[0].End {
						r.Port = specs[0].Start
					} else {
						r.Ports = specs
					}
				}
			}
		case "meta":
			// meta l4proto <proto> or meta nfproto <family>
			if i+2 >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported meta match")
			}
			switch tokens[i+1] {
			case "l4proto":
				r.Proto = f.protoFromToken(tokens[i+2])
			case "nfproto":
				switch tokens[i+2] {
				case "ipv4":
					r.Family = IPv4
				case "ipv6":
					r.Family = IPv6
				default:
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported nfproto: %s", tokens[i+2])
				}
			default:
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported meta match")
			}
			i += 2
		case "accept":
			r.Action = Accept
		case "drop":
			r.Action = Drop
		case "reject":
			r.Action = Reject
			// An explicitly-written `reject with <proto> <type>` (e.g.
			// `reject with icmp port-unreachable`, `reject with tcp reset`) can appear
			// on a foreign rule — nft itself never adds this clause to a bare `reject`
			// on read, but a rule authored with one keeps it verbatim. The detail runs
			// until the comment or handle marker; consume it so the trailing tokens do
			// not fail the parse and drop the rule.
			if i+1 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "with" {
				j := i + 2
				for ; j < len(tokens); j++ {
					if tokens[j] == "comment" || tokens[j] == "#" {
						break
					}
				}
				i = j - 1
			}
		case "comment":
			// nft prints the rule comment as a double-quoted string, before an
			// optional `# handle N` marker. Reassemble it by collecting tokens up
			// to the closing quote, so a comment containing spaces — or a literal
			// '#', which strings.Fields would otherwise mistake for the handle
			// marker and truncate the rule at — round-trips intact.
			if i+1 < len(tokens) && strings.HasPrefix(tokens[i+1], "\"") {
				var cparts []string
				j := i + 1
				for ; j < len(tokens); j++ {
					cparts = append(cparts, tokens[j])
					joined := strings.Join(cparts, " ")
					// The first closing quote terminates the comment.
					if len(joined) >= 2 && strings.HasSuffix(joined, "\"") {
						break
					}
				}
				r.Comment = f.unquote(strings.Join(cparts, " "))
				i = j
			} else {
				// Unquoted (a single bare word, or older nft): take tokens up to
				// the handle marker.
				var cparts []string
				for j := i + 1; j < len(tokens); j++ {
					if tokens[j] == "#" {
						break
					}
					cparts = append(cparts, tokens[j])
				}
				r.Comment = f.unquote(strings.Join(cparts, " "))
				i += len(cparts)
			}
		case "#":
			// `nft -a` prints the handle after a comment marker: `# handle N`.
		case "handle":
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("missing handle value")
			}
			handle = tokens[i]
		case "counter":
			// `counter packets N bytes M` (always present on a listed rule that
			// has a counter statement). Capture the values for GetRules.
			if i+4 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "packets" && tokens[i+3] == "bytes" {
				if pkts, perr := strconv.ParseUint(tokens[i+2], 10, 64); perr == nil {
					r.Packets = pkts
				}
				if by, berr := strconv.ParseUint(tokens[i+4], 10, 64); berr == nil {
					r.Bytes = by
				}
				i += 4
			}
		case "packets", "bytes":
			// Skip stray counter value tokens (already consumed under counter).
			if i+1 < len(tokens) {
				i++
			}
		default:
			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported token: %s", tokens[i])
		}
	}

	if r.Action == ActionInvalid {
		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("no valid action was provided")
	}
	return r, handle, nil
}

// headerName extracts the object name from an `nft -a list ruleset` header
// line such as `table inet foo { # handle 3` or `chain input { # handle 1`: it
// drops the keyword and everything from the opening brace on. nft -a appends
// `{ # handle N` (and sometimes ` progname ...`) to headers, which a naive
// TrimSuffix(line, "{") would leave attached to the name — making a table
// comparison against our own table miss and re-list our rules as foreign.
func (f *NFT) headerName(line, keyword string) string {
	name := strings.TrimPrefix(line, keyword+" ")
	if i := strings.IndexByte(name, '{'); i >= 0 {
		name = name[:i]
	}
	return strings.TrimSpace(name)
}

// listForeignRules walks the entire nftables ruleset and returns best-effort
// parsed rules that live outside this backend's own inet table. Because arbitrary
// foreign tables use families and constructs the library's Rule model cannot
// represent, any line that fails to parse is skipped rather than erroring the
// whole read. This gives callers visibility of rules in other tables alongside
// the library's own.
func (f *NFT) listForeignRules(ctx context.Context) ([]*Rule, error) {
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "-a", "list", "ruleset")
	if err != nil {
		// No ruleset (or nft unavailable for listing): nothing foreign to report.
		return nil, nil
	}

	ownTable := "inet " + f.table
	curTable := ""
	curChain := ""
	var rules []*Rule
	for _, line := range out {
		t := strings.TrimSpace(line)
		switch {
		case strings.HasPrefix(t, "table "):
			// e.g. "table inet filter { # handle 3" -> "inet filter"
			curTable = f.headerName(t, "table")
			curChain = ""
		case strings.HasPrefix(t, "chain "):
			// e.g. "chain input { # handle 1" -> "input"
			curChain = f.headerName(t, "chain")
		case t == "}":
			// Closes the current chain (a table close is harmless: no rule lines
			// follow before the next "table" resets the context).
			curChain = ""
		case strings.Contains(t, "handle "):
			// Our own table is read precisely by listChain; skip it here.
			if curTable == ownTable {
				continue
			}
			rule, _, perr := f.UnmarshalRule(t, curChain)
			if perr != nil || rule == nil {
				continue
			}
			// A rule from another table: record where it came from; it is not ours,
			// so HasPrefix stays false.
			rule.table = curTable
			rules = append(rules, rule)
		}
	}
	return rules, nil
}

// listChain returns every parsed rule (with its nftables handle) in a chain.
func (f *NFT) listChain(ctx context.Context, chain string) (rules []*Rule, handles []string, err error) {
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "-a", "list", "chain", "inet", f.table, chain)
	if err != nil {
		// A missing table simply means there are no rules yet.
		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "No such file") || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "does not exist") {
			return nil, nil, nil
		}
		return nil, nil, err
	}

	for _, line := range out {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		// Only rule lines carry a handle; skip table/chain scaffolding.
		if line == "" || !strings.Contains(line, "handle ") {
			continue
		}
		rule, handle, perr := f.UnmarshalRule(line, chain)
		if perr != nil {
			continue
		}
		// Rules live in this backend's own table; membership in the library's
		// private table is what sets HasPrefix, so record the table and flag it
		// as carrying the prefix.
		rule.table = f.table
		rule.HasPrefix = true
		rules = append(rules, rule)
		handles = append(handles, handle)
	}
	return rules, handles, nil
}

// listOwnRules returns the library's own filter rules from its private table,
// with the IPv4/IPv6 pairs merged. A read does not create the table; listChain
// returns nothing when the table does not yet exist.
func (f *NFT) listOwnRules(ctx context.Context) ([]*Rule, error) {
	var rules []*Rule
	for _, chain := range nftFilterChains {
		chainRules, _, cerr := f.listChain(ctx, chain)
		if cerr != nil {
			return nil, cerr
		}
		rules = append(rules, chainRules...)
	}
	// Merge families first, number per direction (input then output chain) so a
	// collapsed v4/v6 pair leaves no gap and each rule's Number matches the
	// InsertRule/MoveRule position within its chain, then collapse each input/output
	// twin into one DirAny rule (numbering first keeps the surviving pure-output
	// rows' physical position).
	merged := mergeFamilies(rules)
	numberByDirection(merged)
	merged = mergeDirections(merged)
	return merged, nil
}

// GetRules returns the existing filter rules from the zone.
func (f *NFT) GetRules(ctx context.Context, zoneName string) (rules []*Rule, err error) {
	// The library's own merged rules, then foreign rules from every other table
	// unmerged (their identity spans tables we do not own).
	rules, err = f.listOwnRules(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	foreign, ferr := f.listForeignRules(ctx)
	if ferr != nil {
		return nil, ferr
	}
	rules = append(rules, foreign...)
	return rules, nil
}

// addrExpr encodes a source/destination match value: the negation operator
// (`!= `) when the token starts with "!", followed by the value — a bare address
// or, for a non-address token, a named-set reference `@name`.
func (f *NFT) addrExpr(addr string) string {
	neg, bare := splitAddrNeg(addr)
	op := ""
	if neg {
		op = "!= "
	}
	if isSetRef(addr) {
		return op + "@" + bare
	}
	return op + bare
}

// checkQuotable rejects a value containing a double quote. nft's string
// literals (a rule comment, a log prefix) have no escape mechanism at all — a
// `"` unconditionally toggles the quoted state — so there is no way to write one
// containing an embedded quote; nft's own parser errors on the attempt. Rejecting
// it here gives a clear validation error instead of a confusing raw nft syntax
// error from the command itself.
func (f *NFT) checkQuotable(s, field string) error {
	if strings.Contains(s, `"`) {
		return fmt.Errorf("nftables %s cannot contain a double quote", field)
	}
	return nil
}

// l3Match returns the nftables layer-3 keyword (ip/ip6) for the given family,
// inferring it from an address when the family is unspecified.
func (f *NFT) l3Match(family Family, addr string) string {
	switch family {
	case IPv4:
		return "ip"
	case IPv6:
		return "ip6"
	}
	// Infer from the address for FamilyAny rules.
	bare := strings.TrimPrefix(addr, "!")
	ip, _, err := net.ParseCIDR(bare)
	if err != nil {
		ip = net.ParseIP(bare)
	}
	if ip != nil && ip.To4() == nil {
		return "ip6"
	}
	return "ip"
}

// l4Proto returns the protocol keyword nftables accepts after `meta l4proto`.
// For ICMPv6 this is the `icmpv6` spelling. nft lists such a rule back with the
// differently-spelled `ipv6-icmp` form, which protoFromToken decodes on read.
func (f *NFT) l4Proto(p Protocol) string {
	return p.String()
}

// portExpr renders a destination port match value: a bare port/range for a
// single spec, or an anonymous set `{80,443,1000-2000}` for a list.
func (f *NFT) portExpr(specs []PortRange) string {
	if len(specs) == 1 {
		return specs[0].String()
	}
	return "{" + FormatPortRanges(specs, ",") + "}"
}

// stateExpr renders a ct state match value: a bare name for one state or an
// anonymous set `{established,related}` for several.
func (f *NFT) stateExpr(s ConnState) string {
	names := s.Strings()
	if len(names) == 1 {
		return names[0]
	}
	return "{" + strings.Join(names, ",") + "}"
}

// MarshalRule encodes a rule as the nftables expression that follows
// `nft add rule inet <table> <chain>`.
func (f *NFT) MarshalRule(r *Rule) (chain string, expr string, err error) {
	// nftables can only match a port alongside a concrete transport protocol.
	if r.PortNeedsConcreteProtocol() {
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("a port requires a tcp or udp protocol")
	}
	if err := r.checkICMPType(); err != nil {
		return "", "", err
	}
	if err := f.checkQuotable(r.Comment, "comment"); err != nil {
		return "", "", err
	}
	if err := f.checkQuotable(r.LogPrefix, "log prefix"); err != nil {
		return "", "", err
	}

	chain = "input"
	switch r.Direction {
	case DirOutput:
		chain = "output"
	case DirForward:
		chain = "forward"
	}

	// An input hook can only match the inbound interface; an output hook only the
	// outbound one. The forward hook sees both an ingress and an egress interface,
	// so it accepts either.
	if r.IsOutput() && r.InInterface != "" {
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("an input interface cannot be matched on an output rule")
	}
	if r.IsInput() && r.OutInterface != "" {
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("an output interface cannot be matched on an input rule")
	}

	var parts []string

	// Interface match.
	if r.InInterface != "" {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("iifname %s", strconv.Quote(r.InInterface)))
	}
	if r.OutInterface != "" {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("oifname %s", strconv.Quote(r.OutInterface)))
	}

	// In an inet table the family is only implied when an address match carries
	// it (ip/ip6). For a family-specific rule with no address, pin the family
	// explicitly so the rule does not silently widen to both families.
	if r.Family != FamilyAny && r.Source == "" && r.Destination == "" {
		nfproto := "ipv4"
		if r.Family == IPv6 {
			nfproto = "ipv6"
		}
		parts = append(parts, "meta nfproto "+nfproto)
	}

	// Source address match, honoring negation via a leading '!'. A non-address token
	// names a set, referenced as `@name`.
	if r.Source != "" {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s saddr %s", f.l3Match(r.Family, r.Source), f.addrExpr(r.Source)))
	}

	// Destination address match.
	if r.Destination != "" {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s daddr %s", f.l3Match(r.Family, r.Destination), f.addrExpr(r.Destination)))
	}

	// Protocol / port match.
	if r.HasPorts() {
		// A concrete protocol is guaranteed by the check above.
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s dport %s", r.Proto.String(), f.portExpr(r.PortSpecs())))
	}
	srcSpecs := r.SourcePortSpecs()
	if len(srcSpecs) > 0 {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s sport %s", r.Proto.String(), f.portExpr(srcSpecs)))
	}
	if r.Proto.IsICMP() && r.ICMPType != nil {
		// An ICMP type match implies the icmp/icmpv6 protocol.
		kw := "icmp"
		if r.Proto == ICMPv6 {
			kw = "icmpv6"
		}
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s type %d", kw, *r.ICMPType))
	} else if r.Proto != ProtocolAny && !r.HasPorts() && len(srcSpecs) == 0 {
		parts = append(parts, "meta l4proto "+f.l4Proto(r.Proto))
	}

	// Connection-tracking state match.
	if r.State != 0 {
		parts = append(parts, "ct state "+f.stateExpr(r.State))
	}

	// Rate limit: the statement matches only while under the rate, so over-rate
	// packets fall through to later rules rather than taking this rule's verdict.
	if r.RateLimit != nil {
		lim := fmt.Sprintf("limit rate %d/%s", r.RateLimit.Rate, r.RateLimit.Unit)
		if r.RateLimit.Burst > 0 {
			lim += fmt.Sprintf(" burst %d packets", r.RateLimit.Burst)
		}
		parts = append(parts, lim)
	}

	// Connection limit: `ct count over N` matches while the tracked connection
	// count exceeds the limit. Per-source counting needs a named meter, which
	// this model does not express.
	if r.ConnLimit != nil {
		if r.ConnLimit.PerSource {
			return "", "", fmt.Errorf("nftables per-source connection limiting requires a named meter, unsupported in this model")
		}
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("ct count over %d", r.ConnLimit.Count))
	}

	// Logging, emitted just before the verdict so the packet is logged and then
	// the action is applied.
	if r.Log {
		if r.LogPrefix != "" {
			// A plain double-quote wrap, not strconv.Quote: nft has no backslash-escape
			// mechanism, so strconv.Quote's Go-style escaping (doubling a literal
			// backslash, etc.) would not round-trip through nft's own quoting. The
			// embedded-quote case that would need escaping is rejected above.
			parts = append(parts, `log prefix "`+r.LogPrefix+`"`)
		} else {
			parts = append(parts, "log")
		}
	}

	// A counter so GetRules can report per-rule packet/byte statistics. The
	// counter has no effect on matching and is ignored when comparing rules.
	parts = append(parts, "counter")

	// Action verb.
	switch r.Action {
	case Accept:
		parts = append(parts, "accept")
	case Drop:
		parts = append(parts, "drop")
	case Reject:
		parts = append(parts, "reject")
	default:
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("no valid action was provided")
	}

	// An optional user comment, stored as an nftables rule comment. It has no
	// effect on matching and is ignored when comparing rules. A plain quote wrap,
	// not strconv.Quote — see the log-prefix comment above for why.
	if r.Comment != "" {
		parts = append(parts, `comment "`+r.Comment+`"`)
	}

	return chain, strings.Join(parts, " "), nil
}

// ensureTable creates the private table and its input/output/forward base chains
// if they do not already exist. `add` is idempotent in nftables, so re-running is
// safe.
//
// The chain declarations deliberately omit an explicit `policy`: `add chain` on
// an existing base chain re-asserts the named properties, so writing `policy
// accept` here would revert a default-drop policy a prior SetDefaultPolicy set.
// A base chain created without a policy defaults to accept (the intended initial
// default), and omitting the clause leaves any existing policy untouched.
func (f *NFT) ensureTable(ctx context.Context) error {
	f.mu.Lock()
	defer f.mu.Unlock()
	if f.ensured {
		return nil
	}
	cmds := [][]string{
		{"add", "table", "inet", f.table},
		{"add", "chain", "inet", f.table, "input", "{", "type", "filter", "hook", "input", "priority", "0", ";", "}"},
		{"add", "chain", "inet", f.table, "output", "{", "type", "filter", "hook", "output", "priority", "0", ";", "}"},
		{"add", "chain", "inet", f.table, "forward", "{", "type", "filter", "hook", "forward", "priority", "0", ";", "}"},
	}
	for _, c := range cmds {
		if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", c...); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set up nftables table %s: %s", f.table, err)
		}
	}
	f.ensured = true
	return nil
}

// nftFilterChains lists the private table's filter base chains, in the order a
// read enumerates them.
var nftFilterChains = []string{"input", "output", "forward"}

// placeArgs builds the nft command that places a rule expression at 0-based
// index insPos in a chain currently holding n rules. nft can insert before an
// existing rule (`insert ... index k`, k in [0,n-1]) or prepend (`insert` with no
// index), but it has no insert-at-end form, so an index at or past the end must
// append with `add rule`.
func (f *NFT) placeArgs(chain, expr string, insPos, n int) []string {
	fields := strings.Fields(expr)
	switch {
	case insPos >= n:
		return append([]string{"add", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain}, fields...)
	case insPos <= 0:
		return append([]string{"insert", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain}, fields...)
	default:
		return append([]string{"insert", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain, "index", strconv.Itoa(insPos)}, fields...)
	}
}

// ruleExists reports whether existing already contains a rule matching r.
func (f *NFT) ruleExists(existing []*Rule, r *Rule) bool {
	for _, e := range existing {
		if e.EqualForDedup(r, true) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

func (f *NFT) insertRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, position int, r *Rule) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// A DirAny rule fans out into an input row plus its role-swapped output row;
	// place each in its own chain at the requested position.
	if r.Direction == DirAny {
		for _, sub := range expandDirections(r) {
			if err := f.insertRule(ctx, zoneName, position, sub); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		return nil
	}

	chain, expr, err := f.MarshalRule(r)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Skip if an equivalent rule already exists.
	existing, _, err := f.listChain(ctx, chain)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f.ruleExists(existing, r) {
		return nil
	}

	if position >= 1 {
		// position is a merged Number; map it back to a physical chain index so a
		// merged v4/v6 pair earlier in the chain does not skew the placement.
		insPos := mergedInsertIndex(mergedFamilyAnchors(existing), len(existing), position)
		args := f.placeArgs(chain, expr, insPos, len(existing))
		_, err = runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
		return err
	}

	args := append([]string{"add", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain}, strings.Fields(expr)...)
	_, err = runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
	return err
}

// AddRule adds a rule to the zone.
func (f *NFT) AddRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, r *Rule) error {
	return f.insertRule(ctx, zoneName, -1, r)
}

// InsertRule inserts rule before the given 1-based position. position <= 0 is
// treated as 1 (prepend); a position larger than the current rule count appends
// the rule. Normalizing here keeps insertRule's -1 sentinel reserved for
func (f *NFT) InsertRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, position int, r *Rule) error {
	if position <= 0 {
		position = 1
	}
	return f.insertRule(ctx, zoneName, position, r)
}

// chainForDirection returns the filter base-chain name a rule of the given
// direction lives in.
func (f *NFT) chainForDirection(d Direction) string {
	switch d {
	case DirOutput:
		return "output"
	case DirForward:
		return "forward"
	}
	return "input"
}

// MoveRule moves an existing rule to the given 1-based position.
func (f *NFT) MoveRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, r *Rule, position int) error {
	if position <= 0 {
		position = 1
	}

	// A DirAny rule occupies a slot in both chains; move each half to the requested
	// position within its own chain.
	if r.Direction == DirAny {
		if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
			return err
		}
		for _, sub := range expandDirections(r) {
			if err := f.MoveRule(ctx, zoneName, sub, position); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		return nil
	}

	chain := f.chainForDirection(r.Direction)

	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	rules, handles, err := f.listChain(ctx, chain)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Collect every row that belongs to this rule. GetRules merges an IPv4 and IPv6
	// row that differ only in family into one FamilyAny rule, so moving that merged
	// rule must relocate BOTH underlying rows. Deleting only the first half and
	// re-inserting a single dual-family rule would orphan the twin — the same hazard
	// RemoveRule guards against via EqualForRemoval. A concrete-family target
	// still moves only its own family.
	firstIdx := -1
	var toDelete []string
	deleted := make(map[int]bool)
	for i, e := range rules {
		if e.EqualForRemoval(r, true) {
			if firstIdx < 0 {
				firstIdx = i
			}
			toDelete = append(toDelete, handles[i])
			deleted[i] = true
		}
	}
	if firstIdx < 0 {
		return nil
	}

	// position and each rule's Number live in the merged (post-mergeFamilies) index
	// space, while the chain holds physical rows; map through the chain's merged
	// anchors so a merged v4/v6 pair does not skew the target. curPos is the target
	// rule's current merged position (its anchor is firstIdx, the first matching row).
	anchors := mergedFamilyAnchors(rules)
	if position > len(anchors) {
		position = len(anchors)
	}
	curPos := 0
	for p, idx := range anchors {
		if idx == firstIdx {
			curPos = p + 1
			break
		}
	}
	// If moving to the same position, nothing to do.
	if position == curPos {
		return nil
	}

	// nft has no native move; delete every matching row, then re-insert once at the
	// target position within the now-reduced chain.
	for _, h := range toDelete {
		if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "delete", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain, "handle", h); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}

	_, expr, err := f.MarshalRule(r)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// The rows were just deleted, so the chain now holds the remaining rows; map the
	// target merged position to a physical index within that reduced chain (appending
	// when the target is at or past the end).
	reduced := make([]*Rule, 0, len(rules)-len(toDelete))
	for i, e := range rules {
		if !deleted[i] {
			reduced = append(reduced, e)
		}
	}
	insPos := mergedInsertIndex(mergedFamilyAnchors(reduced), len(reduced), position)
	args := f.placeArgs(chain, expr, insPos, len(reduced))
	_, err = runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
	return err
}

// RemoveRule removes a rule from the zone.
func (f *NFT) RemoveRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, r *Rule) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// A DirAny target removes both its input row and its role-swapped output row,
	// each from its own chain.
	if r.Direction == DirAny {
		for _, sub := range expandDirections(r) {
			if err := f.RemoveRule(ctx, zoneName, sub); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
		return nil
	}

	chain := f.chainForDirection(r.Direction)

	// Find the matching rule so we can delete it by its handle.
	rules, handles, err := f.listChain(ctx, chain)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Delete every matching row, not just the first. GetRules merges an IPv4 and
	// IPv6 row that differ only in family into one FamilyAny rule, so removing that
	// merged rule must clear both underlying rows or its twin is orphaned (and a
	// second reconcile pass would be needed to converge). A concrete-family target
	// still removes only its own family — see EqualForRemoval.
	// A genuine dual-family row is its own merged anchor (FamilyAny rows never merge
	// into a pair), so its merged position is where the re-added family must land to
	// preserve ordering. Capture the anchors before the delete shifts the chain.
	anchors := mergedFamilyAnchors(rules)
	var reAdd *Rule
	reAddPos := 0
	for i, e := range rules {
		if e.EqualForRemoval(r, true) {
			if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "delete", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain, "handle", handles[i]); err != nil {
				return err
			}
			// A concrete-family target that matched a genuine dual-family row (an inet
			// rule with no family pin, covering both) would drop both families; re-add
			// the untargeted family below, at the dual row's own merged position so the
			// surviving family keeps the removed rule's place in the chain.
			if s := splitDualRow(e, r); s != nil {
				reAdd = s
				for p, idx := range anchors {
					if idx == i {
						reAddPos = p + 1
						break
					}
				}
			}
		}
	}
	if reAdd != nil {
		return f.insertRule(ctx, zoneName, reAddPos, reAdd)
	}
	// Nothing left to remove.
	return nil
}

// parseNATTarget parses an nftables NAT target token ("addr", "addr:port",
// "[v6]:port" or ":port") into its address and port.
func (f *NFT) parseNATTarget(tok string) (addr string, port uint16, err error) {
	tok = strings.TrimSpace(tok)
	if tok == "" {
		return "", 0, nil
	}
	// Bracketed IPv6, optionally with a port.
	if strings.HasPrefix(tok, "[") {
		end := strings.Index(tok, "]")
		if end < 0 {
			return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid nat target %q", tok)
		}
		addr = tok[1:end]
		rest := tok[end+1:]
		if strings.HasPrefix(rest, ":") {
			p, perr := strconv.ParseUint(rest[1:], 10, 16)
			if perr != nil {
				return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid nat target port %q", rest[1:])
			}
			port = uint16(p)
		}
		return addr, port, nil
	}
	// Bare ":port" (redirect target).
	if strings.HasPrefix(tok, ":") {
		p, perr := strconv.ParseUint(tok[1:], 10, 16)
		if perr != nil {
			return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid nat target port %q", tok[1:])
		}
		return "", uint16(p), nil
	}
	// A single colon is IPv4 addr:port; more (or none) is a bare address.
	if strings.Count(tok, ":") == 1 {
		host, ps, _ := strings.Cut(tok, ":")
		p, perr := strconv.ParseUint(ps, 10, 16)
		if perr != nil {
			return "", 0, fmt.Errorf("invalid nat target port %q", ps)
		}
		return host, uint16(p), nil
	}
	return tok, 0, nil
}

// UnmarshalNATRule decodes a single NAT rule line from `nft -a list chain`
// output within the given chain, returning the parsed rule and its handle.
func (f *NFT) UnmarshalNATRule(line string, chain string) (r *NATRule, handle string, err error) {
	r = &NATRule{}
	tokens := strings.Fields(f.collapseSetSpaces(line))
	for i := 0; i < len(tokens); i++ {
		switch tokens[i] {
		case "ip", "ip6":
			fam := IPv4
			if tokens[i] == "ip6" {
				fam = IPv6
			}
			r.Family = fam
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
			}
			dir := tokens[i]
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
			}
			neg := ""
			if tokens[i] == "!=" {
				neg = "!"
				i++
				if i >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete address match")
				}
			}
			switch dir {
			case "saddr":
				r.Source = neg + f.stripSetRef(tokens[i])
			case "daddr":
				r.Destination = neg + f.stripSetRef(tokens[i])
			default:
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported address direction: %s", dir)
			}
		case "iifname", "oifname":
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete interface match")
			}
			r.Interface = trimQuotes(tokens[i])
		case "tcp", "udp", "sctp":
			r.Proto = GetProtocol(tokens[i])
			if i+1 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "dport" {
				i += 2
				if i >= len(tokens) {
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete port match")
				}
				specs, perr := f.parsePorts(f.parseSetTokens(tokens[i]))
				if perr != nil {
					return nil, "", perr
				}
				if len(specs) == 1 && specs[0].Start == specs[0].End {
					r.Port = specs[0].Start
				} else {
					r.Ports = specs
				}
			}
		case "meta":
			if i+2 >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported meta match")
			}
			switch tokens[i+1] {
			case "l4proto":
				r.Proto = f.protoFromToken(tokens[i+2])
			case "nfproto":
				switch tokens[i+2] {
				case "ipv4":
					r.Family = IPv4
				case "ipv6":
					r.Family = IPv6
				default:
					return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported nfproto: %s", tokens[i+2])
				}
			default:
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported meta match")
			}
			i += 2
		case "dnat", "snat":
			r.Kind = DNAT
			if tokens[i] == "snat" {
				r.Kind = SNAT
			}
			// nft lists the translation with the address family before `to`
			// (`dnat ip to <addr>`); consume the optional ip/ip6 keyword.
			j := i + 1
			if j < len(tokens) && (tokens[j] == "ip" || tokens[j] == "ip6") {
				if tokens[j] == "ip6" {
					r.Family = IPv6
				} else if r.Family == FamilyAny {
					r.Family = IPv4
				}
				j++
			}
			if j+1 >= len(tokens) || tokens[j] != "to" {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("incomplete %s statement", tokens[i])
			}
			addr, port, terr := f.parseNATTarget(tokens[j+1])
			if terr != nil {
				return nil, "", terr
			}
			r.ToAddress = addr
			r.ToPort = port
			i = j + 1
		case "redirect":
			r.Kind = Redirect
			if i+2 < len(tokens) && tokens[i+1] == "to" {
				_, port, terr := f.parseNATTarget(tokens[i+2])
				if terr != nil {
					return nil, "", terr
				}
				r.ToPort = port
				i += 2
			}
		case "masquerade":
			r.Kind = Masquerade
		case "#":
			// The `# handle N` marker follows.
		case "handle":
			i++
			if i >= len(tokens) {
				return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("missing handle value")
			}
			handle = tokens[i]
		case "counter", "packets", "bytes":
			if tokens[i] == "packets" || tokens[i] == "bytes" {
				i++
			}
		default:
			return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("unsupported token: %s", tokens[i])
		}
	}
	if r.Kind == NATInvalid {
		return nil, "", fmt.Errorf("no nat action was provided")
	}
	if r.Family == FamilyAny {
		r.Family = r.impliedFamily()
	}
	return r, handle, nil
}

// listForeignNATRules walks the entire nftables ruleset and returns best-effort
// NAT rules that live outside this backend's own inet table. Like listForeignRules
// it skips any line it cannot parse.
func (f *NFT) listForeignNATRules(ctx context.Context) ([]*NATRule, error) {
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "-a", "list", "ruleset")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, nil
	}

	ownTable := "inet " + f.table
	curTable := ""
	curChain := ""
	var rules []*NATRule
	for _, line := range out {
		t := strings.TrimSpace(line)
		switch {
		case strings.HasPrefix(t, "table "):
			curTable = f.headerName(t, "table")
			curChain = ""
		case strings.HasPrefix(t, "chain "):
			curChain = f.headerName(t, "chain")
		case t == "}":
			curChain = ""
		case strings.Contains(t, "handle "):
			if curTable == ownTable {
				continue
			}
			rule, _, perr := f.UnmarshalNATRule(t, curChain)
			if perr != nil || rule == nil {
				continue
			}
			// A NAT rule from another table: record its source; not ours, so
			// HasPrefix stays false.
			rule.table = curTable
			rules = append(rules, rule)
		}
	}
	return rules, nil
}

// listNATChain returns every parsed NAT rule (with its handle) in a chain.
func (f *NFT) listNATChain(ctx context.Context, chain string) (rules []*NATRule, handles []string, err error) {
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "-a", "list", "chain", "inet", f.table, chain)
	if err != nil {
		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "No such file") || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "does not exist") {
			return nil, nil, nil
		}
		return nil, nil, err
	}
	for _, line := range out {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		if line == "" || !strings.Contains(line, "handle ") {
			continue
		}
		rule, handle, perr := f.UnmarshalNATRule(line, chain)
		if perr != nil {
			continue
		}
		// NAT rules live in this backend's own table; membership is what sets
		// HasPrefix, so record the table and flag it as carrying the prefix.
		rule.table = f.table
		rule.HasPrefix = true
		rules = append(rules, rule)
		handles = append(handles, handle)
	}
	return rules, handles, nil
}

// listOwnNATRules returns the library's own NAT rules from its private table,
// with the IPv4/IPv6 pairs merged.
func (f *NFT) listOwnNATRules(ctx context.Context) ([]*NATRule, error) {
	var rules []*NATRule
	for _, chain := range []string{"prerouting", "postrouting"} {
		chainRules, _, cerr := f.listNATChain(ctx, chain)
		if cerr != nil {
			return nil, cerr
		}
		rules = append(rules, chainRules...)
	}
	// Merge families first, then number per nat chain (prerouting then postrouting)
	// so a collapsed v4/v6 pair leaves no gap and each rule's Number matches the
	// InsertNATRule position within its chain.
	merged := mergeNATFamilies(rules)
	numberNATByChain(merged)
	return merged, nil
}

// GetNATRules returns the existing NAT rules from the zone.
func (f *NFT) GetNATRules(ctx context.Context, zoneName string) (rules []*NATRule, err error) {
	rules, err = f.listOwnNATRules(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	foreign, ferr := f.listForeignNATRules(ctx)
	if ferr != nil {
		return nil, ferr
	}
	rules = append(rules, foreign...)
	return rules, nil
}

// natFamilyKeyword returns the `ip`/`ip6` qualifier nft requires between a
// dnat/snat verb and its `to` in an inet table (e.g. `dnat ip to <addr>`). nft
// rejects the unqualified form unless the rule already carries a same-family
// address match, so the write path always emits it and the read path consumes
// it (see UnmarshalNATRule). Redirect and masquerade take no address and need
// no qualifier.
func (f *NFT) natFamilyKeyword(fam Family, addr string) string {
	if fam == IPv6 || familyOfAddr(addr) == IPv6 {
		return "ip6"
	}
	return "ip"
}

// natTarget renders an nftables NAT translation target "<addr>[:<port>]",
// bracketing an IPv6 address when a port is present. An empty address yields
// ":<port>" (used by redirect).
func (f *NFT) natTarget(fam Family, addr string, port uint16) string {
	if addr == "" {
		if port != 0 {
			return fmt.Sprintf(":%d", port)
		}
		return ""
	}
	if port == 0 {
		return addr
	}
	if fam == IPv6 || familyOfAddr(addr) == IPv6 {
		return fmt.Sprintf("[%s]:%d", addr, port)
	}
	return fmt.Sprintf("%s:%d", addr, port)
}

// MarshalNATRule encodes a NAT rule as the nftables expression that follows
// `nft add rule inet <table> <chain>`, returning the chain (prerouting for
// destination NAT, postrouting for source NAT) and the expression.
func (f *NFT) MarshalNATRule(r *NATRule) (chain string, expr string, err error) {
	if err := r.validate(); err != nil {
		return "", "", err
	}

	fam := r.impliedFamily()
	var parts []string

	// Interface, bound to the NAT direction: outbound for source NAT, inbound
	// for destination NAT.
	if r.Interface != "" {
		if r.Kind.isSource() {
			parts = append(parts, "oifname "+strconv.Quote(r.Interface))
		} else {
			parts = append(parts, "iifname "+strconv.Quote(r.Interface))
		}
	}

	// Pin the family when no address carries it.
	if fam != FamilyAny && r.Source == "" && r.Destination == "" {
		nfproto := "ipv4"
		if fam == IPv6 {
			nfproto = "ipv6"
		}
		parts = append(parts, "meta nfproto "+nfproto)
	}

	if r.Source != "" {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s saddr %s", f.l3Match(fam, r.Source), f.addrExpr(r.Source)))
	}
	if r.Destination != "" {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s daddr %s", f.l3Match(fam, r.Destination), f.addrExpr(r.Destination)))
	}

	if r.HasPorts() {
		parts = append(parts, fmt.Sprintf("%s dport %s", r.Proto.String(), f.portExpr(r.PortSpecs())))
	} else if r.Proto != ProtocolAny {
		parts = append(parts, "meta l4proto "+f.l4Proto(r.Proto))
	}

	switch r.Kind {
	case DNAT:
		chain = "prerouting"
		parts = append(parts, "dnat "+f.natFamilyKeyword(fam, r.ToAddress)+" to "+f.natTarget(fam, r.ToAddress, r.ToPort))
	case Redirect:
		chain = "prerouting"
		parts = append(parts, "redirect to "+f.natTarget(fam, "", r.ToPort))
	case SNAT:
		chain = "postrouting"
		parts = append(parts, "snat "+f.natFamilyKeyword(fam, r.ToAddress)+" to "+f.natTarget(fam, r.ToAddress, 0))
	case Masquerade:
		chain = "postrouting"
		parts = append(parts, "masquerade")
	default:
		return "", "", fmt.Errorf("invalid nat kind")
	}

	return chain, strings.Join(parts, " "), nil
}

// ensureNATChains creates the private table's nat base chains (prerouting for
// destination NAT, postrouting for source NAT) if they do not already exist. It
// is called lazily the first time a NAT rule is written so filter-only use never
// installs nat hooks. `add` is idempotent, so re-running is safe.
func (f *NFT) ensureNATChains(ctx context.Context) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	f.mu.Lock()
	defer f.mu.Unlock()
	if f.natEnsured {
		return nil
	}
	cmds := [][]string{
		{"add", "chain", "inet", f.table, "prerouting", "{", "type", "nat", "hook", "prerouting", "priority", "dstnat", ";", "policy", "accept", ";", "}"},
		{"add", "chain", "inet", f.table, "postrouting", "{", "type", "nat", "hook", "postrouting", "priority", "srcnat", ";", "policy", "accept", ";", "}"},
	}
	for _, c := range cmds {
		if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", c...); err != nil {
			return fmt.Errorf("failed to set up nftables nat chains for %s: %s", f.table, err)
		}
	}
	f.natEnsured = true
	return nil
}

// natRuleExists is ruleExists for NAT rules.
func (f *NFT) natRuleExists(existing []*NATRule, r *NATRule) bool {
	for _, e := range existing {
		if e.EqualForDedup(r) {
			return true
		}
	}
	return false
}

// AddNATRule adds a NAT rule to the zone.
func (f *NFT) AddNATRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, r *NATRule) error {
	if err := f.ensureNATChains(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	chain, expr, err := f.MarshalNATRule(r)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	existing, _, err := f.listNATChain(ctx, chain)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f.natRuleExists(existing, r) {
		return nil
	}

	args := append([]string{"add", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain}, strings.Fields(expr)...)
	_, err = runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
	return err
}

// InsertNATRule inserts a NAT rule before the given 1-based position within its
// nat chain. position <= 0 is treated as 1; a position larger than the chain's
// current rule count appends the rule.
func (f *NFT) InsertNATRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, position int, r *NATRule) error {
	if err := f.ensureNATChains(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	chain, expr, err := f.MarshalNATRule(r)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}

	existing, _, err := f.listNATChain(ctx, chain)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if f.natRuleExists(existing, r) {
		return nil
	}

	if position <= 0 {
		position = 1
	}
	// position is a merged Number; map it back to a physical nat-chain index so a
	// merged v4/v6 NAT pair earlier in the chain does not skew the placement.
	insPos := mergedInsertIndex(mergedNATFamilyAnchors(existing), len(existing), position)
	args := f.placeArgs(chain, expr, insPos, len(existing))
	_, err = runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
	return err
}

// RemoveNATRule removes a NAT rule from the zone.
func (f *NFT) RemoveNATRule(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, r *NATRule) error {
	if err := f.ensureNATChains(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	chain := "prerouting"
	if r.Kind.isSource() {
		chain = "postrouting"
	}

	rules, handles, err := f.listNATChain(ctx, chain)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	// Delete every matching row (see RemoveRule): a merged FamilyAny NAT rule must
	// clear both its v4 and v6 rows, while a concrete-family target removes only
	// its own family.
	for i, e := range rules {
		if e.EqualForRemoval(r) {
			if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "delete", "rule", "inet", f.table, chain, "handle", handles[i]); err != nil {
				return err
			}
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// Backup captures the filter and NAT rules in this backend's private table.
func (f *NFT) Backup(ctx context.Context, zoneName string) (*Backup, error) {
	// Read the private table directly rather than GetRules: Restore flushes and
	// refills only this table, so the backup must not pull in rules from foreign
	// tables (they would be re-added into the wrong table on Restore).
	rules, err := f.listOwnRules(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	natRules, err := f.listOwnNATRules(ctx)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	backup := &Backup{Rules: rules, NATRules: natRules}
	if err := captureBackupState(ctx, f, zoneName, backup); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return backup, nil
}

// Restore replaces the managed rules with the contents of a Backup.
func (f *NFT) Restore(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, backup *Backup) error {
	if backup == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("backup cannot be nil")
	}
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if err := f.ensureNATChains(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Flush the private table, then re-add all rules.
	if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "flush", "table", "inet", f.table); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Recreate the sets on a clean slate before the rules that reference them. The
	// flush above cleared every rule in the table, so no rule holds a set reference
	// and each set can be removed and rebuilt; the clean rebuild is required because
	// nft's AddAddressSet is a no-op on an existing set and would not otherwise
	// restore a flushed set's elements.
	if err := restoreBackupSets(ctx, f, backup, true); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	for _, r := range backup.Rules {
		if err := f.AddRule(ctx, zoneName, r); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	for _, r := range backup.NATRules {
		if err := f.AddNATRule(ctx, zoneName, r); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return applyBackupPolicy(ctx, f, zoneName, backup)
}

// chainPolicy reads the policy of one of this backend's base chains. It returns
// ActionInvalid when the table or chain does not yet exist (no policy to
// report) or the policy is not recognized.
func (f *NFT) chainPolicy(ctx context.Context, chain string) (Action, error) {
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "list", "chain", "inet", f.table, chain)
	if err != nil {
		// A missing table/chain means no policy to report.
		return ActionInvalid, nil
	}
	for _, line := range out {
		line = strings.TrimSpace(line)
		switch {
		case strings.Contains(line, "policy accept"):
			return Accept, nil
		case strings.Contains(line, "policy drop"):
			return Drop, nil
		}
	}
	return ActionInvalid, nil
}

// GetDefaultPolicy returns the default action applied to packets that match no rule.
func (f *NFT) GetDefaultPolicy(ctx context.Context, zoneName string) (*DefaultPolicy, error) {
	in, err := f.chainPolicy(ctx, "input")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	out, err := f.chainPolicy(ctx, "output")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	fwd, err := f.chainPolicy(ctx, "forward")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	return &DefaultPolicy{Input: in, Output: out, Forward: fwd}, nil
}

// setChainPolicy updates the policy of a base chain. nftables chain policies may
// only be accept or drop; reject is not expressible.
func (f *NFT) setChainPolicy(ctx context.Context, chain string, action Action) error {
	switch action {
	case Accept, Drop:
	case Reject:
		return fmt.Errorf("nftables chain policy may only be accept or drop")
	default:
		return fmt.Errorf("invalid default policy action")
	}
	_, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "chain", "inet", f.table, chain, "{", "policy", action.String(), ";", "}")
	return err
}

// SetDefaultPolicy sets the policy separately via setChainPolicy.
func (f *NFT) SetDefaultPolicy(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, policy *DefaultPolicy) error {
	if policy == nil {
		return fmt.Errorf("policy cannot be nil")
	}
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	if policy.Input != ActionInvalid {
		if err := f.setChainPolicy(ctx, "input", policy.Input); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if policy.Output != ActionInvalid {
		if err := f.setChainPolicy(ctx, "output", policy.Output); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	if policy.Forward != ActionInvalid {
		if err := f.setChainPolicy(ctx, "forward", policy.Forward); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// nftSetJSON is the subset of a `set` object in `nft -j list set(s)` output we
// decode.
type nftSetJSON struct {
	Name  string            `json:"name"`
	Table string            `json:"table"`
	Type  string            `json:"type"`
	Flags []string          `json:"flags"`
	Elem  []json.RawMessage `json:"elem"`
}

// nftListJSON is the top-level envelope every `nft -j list ...` command emits: a
// "nftables" array whose items are single-key objects (metainfo, set, rule, ...).
// We only pull the "set" objects out.
type nftListJSON struct {
	Nftables []struct {
		Set *nftSetJSON `json:"set"`
	} `json:"nftables"`
}

// decodeSets unwraps the `nft -j list set(s)` envelope into its set objects.
func (f *NFT) decodeSets(out []string) []*nftSetJSON {
	var env nftListJSON
	if err := json.Unmarshal([]byte(strings.Join(out, "\n")), &env); err != nil {
		return nil
	}
	var sets []*nftSetJSON
	for _, item := range env.Nftables {
		if item.Set != nil {
			sets = append(sets, item.Set)
		}
	}
	return sets
}

// decodeElem decodes one JSON element of an nft set into its string form. A
// scalar becomes the address/CIDR string; a {"prefix":{"addr":..,"len":..}}
// object becomes a CIDR; a {"range":[lo,hi]} object (which an interval set uses
// for a non-CIDR span) becomes "lo-hi"; anything unrecognised is skipped.
func (f *NFT) decodeElem(raw json.RawMessage) string {
	var s string
	if json.Unmarshal(raw, &s) == nil {
		return s
	}
	// nft renders a CIDR element as a prefix object with addr/len fields (an
	// interval/hash:net set), not a two-element array — decode it as such so the
	// entry is not silently dropped on read.
	var prefix struct {
		Prefix struct {
			Addr string      `json:"addr"`
			Len  json.Number `json:"len"`
		} `json:"prefix"`
	}
	if json.Unmarshal(raw, &prefix) == nil && prefix.Prefix.Addr != "" && prefix.Prefix.Len != "" {
		return prefix.Prefix.Addr + "/" + string(prefix.Prefix.Len)
	}
	// An interval set stores a non-CIDR span as a range object; report it as
	// "lo-hi" rather than silently dropping the entry.
	var rng struct {
		Range []json.RawMessage `json:"range"`
	}
	if json.Unmarshal(raw, &rng) == nil && len(rng.Range) == 2 {
		var lo, hi string
		if json.Unmarshal(rng.Range[0], &lo) == nil && json.Unmarshal(rng.Range[1], &hi) == nil {
			return lo + "-" + hi
		}
	}
	return ""
}

// getAddressSet reads a single nftables set as an AddressSet, or nil if it does
// not exist.
func (f *NFT) getAddressSet(ctx context.Context, name string) (*AddressSet, error) {
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "-j", "list", "set", "inet", f.table, name)
	if err != nil {
		// A missing set is a no-op; any other failure (permission denial, nft
		// binary trouble, ...) must surface rather than read as "not found".
		if strings.Contains(err.Error(), "No such file or directory") {
			return nil, nil
		}
		return nil, err
	}
	sets := f.decodeSets(out)
	if len(sets) == 0 {
		return nil, nil
	}
	detail := sets[0]
	set := &AddressSet{Name: name}
	switch detail.Type {
	case "ipv6_addr":
		set.Family = IPv6
	case "ipv4_addr":
		set.Family = IPv4
	}
	for _, fl := range detail.Flags {
		if fl == "interval" {
			set.Type = SetHashNet
		}
	}
	for _, raw := range detail.Elem {
		if e := f.decodeElem(raw); e != "" {
			set.Entries = append(set.Entries, e)
		}
	}
	return set, nil
}

// GetAddressSets returns the address sets managed by this backend.
func (f *NFT) GetAddressSets(ctx context.Context) ([]*AddressSet, error) {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	// `nft list sets` accepts a family (inet) but not a table name, so list every
	// inet set and keep the ones in our table. It exits 0 with an empty listing
	// when there are no sets, so any error here is a genuine failure.
	out, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "-j", "list", "sets", "inet")
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	sets := f.decodeSets(out)
	result := make([]*AddressSet, 0, len(sets))
	for _, s := range sets {
		if s.Table != f.table {
			continue
		}
		detail, err := f.getAddressSet(ctx, s.Name)
		if err != nil {
			return nil, err
		}
		if detail == nil {
			continue
		}
		result = append(result, detail)
	}
	return result, nil
}

// GetAddressSet returns a single address set by name, or an error if it does not exist.
func (f *NFT) GetAddressSet(ctx context.Context, name string) (*AddressSet, error) {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	set, err := f.getAddressSet(ctx, name)
	if err != nil {
		return nil, err
	}
	if set == nil {
		return nil, fmt.Errorf("address set %q not found", name)
	}
	return set, nil
}

// setEntries renders the set's entries as an nftables element expression, e.g.
// `{ 1.2.3.4, 10.0.0.0/8 }`.
func (f *NFT) setEntries(entries []string) string {
	return "{ " + strings.Join(entries, ", ") + " }"
}

// setMatches reports whether an existing set's definition matches a requested
// family/type. AddAddressSet uses this to tell a harmless re-add of an identical,
// already-existing set (safe to treat as success — `nft add set` is idempotent
// for a matching redefinition and does not itself error) apart from a genuine
// type/family conflict (which `nft add set` reports as "File exists" and which
// must surface as an error rather than being silently swallowed). A nil existing
// set (the read races with a concurrent delete, or fails to parse) never matches,
// so the caller treats it as a conflict rather than guessing.
func (f *NFT) setMatches(existing *AddressSet, wantFamily Family, wantType SetType) bool {
	if existing == nil {
		return false
	}
	if wantFamily == FamilyAny {
		wantFamily = IPv4
	}
	return existing.Family == wantFamily && existing.Type == wantType
}

func (f *NFT) setSpec(family Family, t SetType) (string, error) {
	if family == FamilyAny {
		family = IPv4
	}
	var addrType string
	switch family {
	case IPv4:
		addrType = "ipv4_addr"
	case IPv6:
		addrType = "ipv6_addr"
	default:
		return "", fmt.Errorf("a set requires a concrete ip family: %w", ErrUnsupportedSet)
	}
	spec := "{ type " + addrType + " ;"
	if t == SetHashNet {
		spec += " flags interval ;"
	}
	return spec + " }", nil
}

// AddAddressSet creates an address set. Adding a set that already exists (by name) is a no-op.
func (f *NFT) AddAddressSet(ctx context.Context, set *AddressSet) error {
	if set == nil || set.Name == "" {
		return fmt.Errorf("an address set requires a name")
	}
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	spec, err := f.setSpec(set.Family, set.Type)
	if err != nil {
		return err
	}
	args := append([]string{"add", "set", "inet", f.table, set.Name}, strings.Fields(spec)...)
	if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...); err != nil {
		if !strings.Contains(err.Error(), "File exists") {
			return err
		}
		// `nft add set` reports "File exists" only on a genuine type/family
		// conflict — redefining an identical set succeeds on its own. Read the
		// existing set back and only treat this as the harmless case; otherwise
		// the conflict is real and must be reported, not swallowed as success.
		existing, gerr := f.getAddressSet(ctx, set.Name)
		if gerr != nil {
			return gerr
		}
		if !f.setMatches(existing, set.Family, set.Type) {
			return fmt.Errorf("address set %q already exists with a different definition: %w", set.Name, err)
		}
		return nil
	}
	if len(set.Entries) > 0 {
		elem := f.setEntries(set.Entries)
		args := append([]string{"add", "element", "inet", f.table, set.Name}, strings.Fields(elem)...)
		if _, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...); err != nil {
			return err
		}
	}
	return nil
}

// RemoveAddressSet removes an address set by name.
func (f *NFT) RemoveAddressSet(ctx context.Context, name string) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	_, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", "delete", "set", "inet", f.table, name)
	if err != nil && (strings.Contains(err.Error(), "No such file") || strings.Contains(err.Error(), "does not exist")) {
		return nil
	}
	return err
}

// AddAddressSetEntry adds an entry to the named set.
func (f *NFT) AddAddressSetEntry(ctx context.Context, name, entry string) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	elem := f.setEntries([]string{entry})
	args := append([]string{"add", "element", "inet", f.table, name}, strings.Fields(elem)...)
	_, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
	return err
}

// RemoveAddressSetEntry removes an entry from the named set.
func (f *NFT) RemoveAddressSetEntry(ctx context.Context, name, entry string) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}
	elem := f.setEntries([]string{entry})
	args := append([]string{"delete", "element", "inet", f.table, name}, strings.Fields(elem)...)
	_, err := runCommand(ctx, "nft", args...)
	return err
}

// Reload is a no-op; nftables applies changes immediately, so there is nothing to reload.
func (f *NFT) Reload(ctx context.Context) error {
	return nil
}

// Close closes the connection to the manager.
func (f *NFT) Close(ctx context.Context) error {
	return nil
}

// AddRulesBatch adds every rule in a single `nft -f` transaction rather than one
// `nft add rule` invocation per rule. Rules that already exist are skipped. The
// whole batch applies atomically. It implements RuleBatcher.
func (f *NFT) AddRulesBatch(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, rules []*Rule) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	// Snapshot each chain so duplicates (existing or within the batch) are
	// skipped, mirroring AddRule.
	existing := map[string][]*Rule{}
	for _, chain := range nftFilterChains {
		rs, _, err := f.listChain(ctx, chain)
		if err != nil {
			return err
		}
		existing[chain] = rs
	}

	var script strings.Builder
	n := 0
	for _, top := range rules {
		// A DirAny rule fans out into an input row plus its swapped output row.
		for _, r := range expandDirections(top) {
			chain, expr, err := f.MarshalRule(r)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			if f.ruleExists(existing[chain], r) {
				continue
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(&script, "add rule inet %s %s %s\n", f.table, chain, expr)
			existing[chain] = append(existing[chain], r)
			n++
		}
	}
	if n == 0 {
		return nil
	}
	_, err := runCommandStdin(ctx, script.String(), "nft", "-f", "-")
	return err
}

// ReplaceRulesBatch atomically flushes the private table's input and output
// chains and re-adds exactly rules, all in one `nft -f` transaction. Chain hooks
// and policies are preserved (flush chain removes only rules). It implements
// RuleBatcher.
func (f *NFT) ReplaceRulesBatch(ctx context.Context, zoneName string, rules []*Rule) error {
	if err := f.ensureTable(ctx); err != nil {
		return err
	}

	var script strings.Builder
	fmt.Fprintf(&script, "flush chain inet %s input\n", f.table)
	fmt.Fprintf(&script, "flush chain inet %s output\n", f.table)
	for _, top := range rules {
		// A DirAny rule fans out into an input row plus its swapped output row.
		for _, r := range expandDirections(top) {
			chain, expr, err := f.MarshalRule(r)
			if err != nil {
				return err
			}
			fmt.Fprintf(&script, "add rule inet %s %s %s\n", f.table, chain, expr)
		}
	}
	_, err := runCommandStdin(ctx, script.String(), "nft", "-f", "-")
	return err
}